Kangaskhan (Pokémon)

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Pokémon

#116: Horsea →

Kangaskhan ガルーラ Garura #115
Art by Ken Sugimori from FireRed and LeafGreen
Type Normal ' Unknown Unknown Blue-Striped Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown	Category Parent Pokémon
Abilities Early Bird or Scrappy Scrappy Blue-Striped ----- Inner Focus Hidden Ability
Exp. at Lv. 100 1,000,000
Regional Pokédex numbers Kanto #115 Johto #210 Hoenn #279 Sinnoh — Unova Not in any regional Pokédex
Regional Browser numbers Fiore R-201 Almia R-146 Oblivia
Height 7'03" Imperial 2.2 m Metric 7'03"/2.2 m Red-Striped 0'0"/0.0 m Blue-Striped 0'0"/0.0 m
Weight 176.4 lbs. Imperial 80.0 kg Metric 176.4 lbs./80.0 kg Red-Striped 0.0 lbs./0.0 kg Blue-Striped 0.0 lbs./0.0 kg
Dex color Brown	Catch rate 45 (5.9%)
Body style Blue-Striped	Footprint      Blue-Striped
Gender ratio Gender unknown Unknown 100% female
Breeding Monster group 21 cycles (5355 minimum steps)
EV yield HP 2 Atk 0 Def 0 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed 0 Base Exp.: 175 Battle Exp.: 1751*
External links On Smogon Pokédex: Generation I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation VI Generation VII Generation VIII Generation IX Artwork on Bulbagarden Archives

Kangaskhan (Japanese: ガルーラ Garura) is a Template:Type2 Pokémon.

She is not known to evolve into or from any other Pokémon.

Biology

Physiology

Kangaskhan is a kangaroo-like Pokémon with vaguely theropod-like features. Kangaskhan is colored brown with accentuations of cream on her horn-like ears and belly, with black on the helmet-like patch on her head. Kangaskhan have red irises, fangs protruding from her upper jaw, epaulette-like patches on her shoulders, and square patches on her legs. Kangaskhan also has various ridges and patches down her back and two spikes on her tail. Kangaskhan carries around a little purple baby Kangaskhan in their pouch. The baby Kangaskhan lacks the ridges and patches on its mother’s body, and its small fangs are not visible outside of its mouth.

Gender differences

Kangaskhan is a female-only species with no male counterpart.

Special abilities

Kangaskhan can use the move Outrage, which can normally only be learned by Template:Type2 Pokémon. She has a fighting spirit that is nearly indestructible, therefore she will never give up in battle. Kangaskhan are skilled at using Comet Punch and Dizzy Punch.

Behavior

Kangaskhan are very nurturing to their young and other Kangaskhan, but if anyone tries to touch or harm their young the parent Kangaskhan will viciously attack the person trying to harm the baby Kangaskhan. When its mother is executing a move or striking a pose, the baby may imitate her actions. To avoid crushing the baby Kangaskhan carries in her pouch, she always sleeps standing up.

Habitat

File:Grassland.gif

Grassland Pokémon

Kangaskhan appear mostly in jungle-like areas. They have been imported to Kanto, Johto and Sinnoh for their respective Safari Zones. Following the closure of the Kanto Safari Zone, they appear to have been introduced to the Rock Tunnel.

Diet

Main article: Pokémon food

In the anime

Kangaskhan in the anime

Major appearances

Kangaskhan first appeared in The Kangaskhan Kid. A group of these Parent Pokémon were watching over a wild boy named Tommy, who in turn was protecting them as well.

A Kangaskhan let her child play with Pikachu and co. in Kanga Games.

A wild Kangaskhan held on to Ash's egg after finding it in the forest and mistaking it for a Kangaskhan egg in An EGG-sighting Adventure!.

A Baby Kangaskhan in the anime

Minor appearances

A Kangaskhan appeared in Pikachu's Vacation.

A Kangaskhan was used in a Sumo Wrestling Contest in The Ring Masters.

A Kangaskhan appeared in The Green Guardian.

Kangaskhan made a brief cameo in console fighting game in Two Degrees of Seperation!.

A Kangaskhan, known as "Aunty Kangaskhan", owns a warehouse in Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Team Go-Getters out of the Gate!. She gave Team Go-Getters Pecha Scarves and Corsola twigs for their mission to save Pikachu.

Another Kangaskhan made a brief appearance in One Big Happiny Family! in Jessie's fantasy.

A Kangaskhan was also seen in a flashback under Reggie's care in Aiding the Enemy. This Kangaskhan appeared in another flashback in DP120.

Pokédex entries

Episode Pokémon Source Entry EP034 Kangaskhan Ash's Pokédex Kangaskhan, a Parent Pokémon. Once approaching extinction, they are now protected by law and inhabit the Safari Zone. Approach with extreme caution. The Kangaskhan is a rare Pokémon which raises its children in its pocket. They will attack viciously and without warning if they feel their young are threatened in any way.

In the manga

Kangaskhan in Pokémon Adventures

In the Pokémon Adventures manga

Kangaskhan debuted in its own round in the Red, Green & Blue arc, The Secret of Kangaskhan. Here, Blue tries to catch one but is stopped by Red when he (Red) realizes Kangaskhan is protecting its baby. The baby was poisoned, so Red used an Antidote to heal it. Kangaskhan is grateful and leaves; Blue watched this in amazement, but was still angry at Red for allowing Kangaskhan to escape, thus starting their rivalry.

An injured baby Kangaskhan in Pokémon Adventures.

In a flashback of Agatha's, Professor Oak is seen with a Kangaskhan on his team from their league battle over two decades ago, and uses it to fight the bitter woman's Gengar, winning the match after hours. He still has it by the FireRed & LeafGreen arc, and it is beaten both by the Team Rocket member Orm and Guile Hideout along with most of his other Pokémon, including his newly evolved Fearow. It has not been seen since.

Diamond's mother, Johanna, owns a Kangaskhan.

In The Electric Tale of Pikachu manga

A Kangaskhan was seen with Tommy in Pikachu's Excellent Adventure.

In the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure! manga

In the second special chapter of the Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure! manga, Mars has a Kangaskhan which she uses against Deoxys. Kangaskhan succeeded in critically wounding it. After using Outrage on Deoxys, it became confused and started to attack everything around it with its Flamethrower attack. It also smashed its own Poké Ball while on rampage. It was eventually defeated by Deoxys in Attack Forme.

In the TCG

Main article: Kangaskhan (TCG)

Game data

NPC appearances

• Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team: Kangaskhan oversees the item storage at her shop in Pokémon Square.
• Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness: Kangaskhan oversees the item storage at her shop in Treasure Town.
• Pokémon Diamond and Pearl: Johanna has a Kangaskhan named Jumpy that she uses in Pokémon Contests.

Pokédex entries

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation I.
Generation I Red The infant rarely ventures out of its mother's protective pouch until it is 3 years old. Blue Yellow Raises its young in its belly pouch. Won't run from any fight to keep its young protected. Stadium The female raises its young in its belly pouch for around three years. The young is taken out once it learns to find food.
Generation II Gold If it is safe, the young gets out of the belly pouch to play. The adult keeps a close eye on the youngster. Silver To protect its young, it will never give up during battle, no matter how badly wounded it is. Crystal To avoid crushing the baby it carries in its pouch, it always sleeps standing up. Stadium 2 If it is safe, the young gets out of the belly pouch to play. The adult keeps a close eye on the youngster.
Generation III Ruby If you come across a young Kangaskhan playing by itself, you must never disturb it or attempt to catch it. The baby Pokémon's parent is sure to be in the area, and it will become violently enraged at you. Sapphire {{{sapphiredex}}} Emerald If you come across a young Kangaskhan playing by itself, never try to catch it. The baby's parent is sure to be in the area, and it will become violently enraged. FireRed The female raises its offspring in a pouch on its belly. It is skilled at attacking using Comet Punch. LeafGreen The infant rarely ventures out of its mother's protective pouch until it is 3 years old.
Generation IV Diamond It raises its offspring in its belly pouch. It lets the baby play only when it feels safe. Pearl {{{pearldex}}} Platinum {{{platinumdex}}} HeartGold If it is safe, the young gets out of the belly pouch to play. The adult keeps a close eye on the youngster. SoulSilver To protect its young, it will never give up during battle, no matter how badly wounded it is.
Generation V Black It raises its offspring in its belly pouch. It lets the baby play only when it feels safe. White {{{whitedex}}} Black 2 {{{black2dex}}} White 2 {{{white2dex}}}
Generation VI X Unknown Y Unknown

Game locations

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation I.
Generation I Red Blue Rare Safari Zone Blue (Japan) None Trade Yellow Uncommon Safari Zone
Generation II Gold Silver Rare Rock Tunnel Crystal Rare Rock Tunnel
Generation III Ruby Sapphire None Trade Emerald None Trade FireRed LeafGreen Rare Safari Zone Colosseum None Trade XD One Citadark Isle (Shadow)
Generation IV Diamond Pearl Rare Great Marsh (after obtaining National Pokédex) Platinum Rare Great Marsh (after obtaining National Pokédex) HeartGold SoulSilver Rare Rock Tunnel, Safari Zone Pal Park Mountain Pokéwalker Refreshing Field
Generation V Black White Rare Route 15 Black 2 White 2 None Trade Dream World Pleasant Forest
Generation VI X Y None Trade

In side games

Game	Location
Pokémon Snap	Beach
Pokémon Pinball	Fuchia City
Pokémon Trozei!	Endless Level 53 Forever Level 3 Pair Trozei Mr. Who's Den
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red/Blue Rescue Team	Western Cave (13F-19F)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time/Darkness	Mt. Travail (1F-19F)
Pokémon Ranger	Sekra Mountain Range
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia	Volcano Cave (during mission) Chroma Ruins (during mission)
Pokémon Rumble	Rocky Cave
Pokémon Rumble Blast	Canyon: Rugged Flats

Held items

Game		Held Item(s)
Red*	Blue*	Bitter Berry (100%)
Yellow*

Stats

Base stats

Stat		Range
		At Lv. 50	At Lv. 100
HP: 105		165 - 212	320 - 414
Attack: 95		90 - 161	175 - 317
Defense: 80		76 - 145	148 - 284
Sp. Atk: 40		40 - 101	76 - 196
Sp. Def: 80		76 - 145	148 - 284
Speed: 90		85 - 156	166 - 306
Total: 490	Other Pokémon with this total
Minimum stats are calculated with 0 EVs, IVs of 0, and (if applicable) a hindering nature. Maximum stats are calculated with 252 EVs, IVs of 31, and (if applicable) a helpful nature. This Pokémon's Special base stat in Generation I was 40.

Pokéathlon stats

Speed 2/4 ★★☆☆	Power 3/5 ★★★☆☆
Skill 2/4 ★★☆☆	Stamina 3/5 ★★★☆☆
Jump 2/2 ★★	Total 12/20 ★★☆☆

Type effectiveness

Under normal battle conditions in Generation V, this Pokémon is:

Damaged normally by: Normal 1× Fighting 2× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 1× Ghost 0× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic 1× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 1× None

Weak to: Normal 1× Fighting 2× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 1× Ghost 0× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic 1× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 1× None

Immune to: Normal 1× Fighting 2× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 1× Ghost 0× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic 1× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 1× None

Resistant to: Normal 1× Fighting 2× Flying 1× Poison 1× Ground 1× Rock 1× Bug 1× Ghost 0× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 1× Grass 1× Electric 1× Psychic 1× Ice 1× Dragon 1× Dark 1× None

Learnset

By leveling up

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX

Level   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP  00Start Comet Punch Normal Physical 01818 08585% 15 00Start Leer Normal Status 0000— 100100% 30 077 Fake Out Normal Physical 04040 100100% 10 1010 Tail Whip Normal Status 0000— 100100% 30 1313 Bite Dark Physical 06060 100100% 25 1919 Double Hit Normal Physical 03535 09090% 10 2222 Rage Normal Physical 02020 100100% 20 2525 Mega Punch Normal Physical 08080 08585% 20 3131 Chip Away Normal Physical 07070 100100% 20 3434 Dizzy Punch Normal Physical 07070 100100% 10 3737 Crunch Dark Physical 08080 100100% 15 4343 Endure Normal Status 0000— ——% 10 4646 Outrage Dragon Physical 120120 100100% 10 4949 Sucker Punch Dark Physical 08080 100100% 5 5555 Reversal Fighting Physical 0000— 100100% 15

Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Kangaskhan Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Kangaskhan Click on the generation numbers at the top to see level-up moves from other generations

By TM/HM

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
TM		Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
	TM05	Roar	Normal	Status	0000—	100}}100%	20
	TM06	Toxic	Poison	Status	0000—	090}}90%	10
	TM07	Hail	Ice	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM10	Hidden Power	Normal	Special	0000—	100}}100%	15
	TM11	Sunny Day	Fire	Status	0000—	—}}—%	5
	TM13	Ice Beam	Ice	Special	09595	100}}100%	10
	TM14	Blizzard	Ice	Special	120120	070}}70%	5
	TM15	Hyper Beam	Normal	Special	150150	090}}90%	5
	TM17	Protect	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM18	Rain Dance	Water	Status	0000—	—}}—%	5
	TM20	Safeguard	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	25
	TM21	Frustration	Normal	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	20
	TM22	SolarBeam	Grass	Special	120120	100}}100%	10
	TM24	Thunderbolt	Electric	Special	09595	100}}100%	15
	TM25	Thunder	Electric	Special	120120	070}}70%	10
	TM26	Earthquake	Ground	Physical	100100	100}}100%	10
	TM27	Return	Normal	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	20
	TM28	Dig	Ground	Physical	08080	100}}100%	10
	TM30	Shadow Ball	Ghost	Special	08080	100}}100%	15
	TM31	Brick Break	Fighting	Physical	07575	100}}100%	15
	TM32	Double Team	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	15
	TM35	Flamethrower	Fire	Special	09595	100}}100%	15
	TM37	Sandstorm	Rock	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM38	Fire Blast	Fire	Special	120120	085}}85%	5
	TM39	Rock Tomb	Rock	Physical	05050	080}}80%	10
	TM40	Aerial Ace	Flying	Physical	06060	—}}—%	20
	TM42	Facade	Normal	Physical	07070	100}}100%	20
	TM44	Rest	Psychic	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM45	Attract	Normal	Status	0000—	100}}100%	15
	TM46	Thief	Dark	Physical	04040	100}}100%	10
	TM48	Round	Normal	Special	06060	100}}100%	15
	TM52	Focus Blast	Fighting	Special	120120	070}}70%	5
	TM56	Fling	Dark	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	10
	TM59	Incinerate	Fire	Special	03030	100}}100%	15
	TM65	Shadow Claw	Ghost	Physical	07070	100}}100%	15
	TM67	Retaliate	Normal	Physical	07070	100}}100%	5
	TM68	Giga Impact	Normal	Physical	150150	090}}90%	5
	TM78	Bulldoze	Ground	Physical	06060	100}}100%	20
	TM80	Rock Slide	Rock	Physical	07575	090}}90%	10
	TM83	Work Up	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	30
	TM87	Swagger	Normal	Status	0000—	090}}90%	15
	TM90	Substitute	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM94	Rock Smash	Fighting	Physical	04040	100}}100%	15
	HM01	Cut	Normal	Physical	05050	095}}95%	30
	HM03	Surf	Water	Special	09595	100}}100%	15
	HM04	Strength	Normal	Physical	08080	100}}100%	15
Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Kangaskhan Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Kangaskhan Click on the generation numbers at the top to see TM moves from other generations

By breeding

Generation V Other generations: II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Father	Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
	Circle Throw*	Fighting	Physical	60	90%	10
	Counter*	Fighting	Physical	—	100%	20
	Crush Claw*	Normal	Physical	75	95%	10
	Disable	Normal	Status	—	100%	20
	Double-Edge	Normal	Physical	120	100%	15
	Endeavor	Normal	Physical	—	—%	5
	Focus Energy	Normal	Status	—	—%	30
	Focus Punch‡	Fighting	Physical	150	100%	20
	Foresight	Normal	Status	—	100%	40
	Hammer Arm	Fighting	Physical	100	90%	10
	Stomp	Normal	Physical	65	100%	20
	Trump Card	Normal	Special	—	—%	5
	Uproar	Normal	Special	90	100%	10
Moves marked with an asterisk (*) must be chain bred onto Kangaskhan in Generation V Moves marked with a double dagger (‡) can only be bred from a Pokémon who learned the move in an earlier generation. Moves marked with a superscript game abbreviation can only be bred onto Kangaskhan in that game. Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Kangaskhan Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Kangaskhan Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Egg moves from other generations

By tutoring

Generation V Other generations: II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Game				Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
This Pokémon learns no moves by tutoring.
A black abbreviation in a colored box indicates that Kangaskhan can be tutored the move in that game A colored abbreviation in a white box indicates that Kangaskhan cannot be tutored the move in that game Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Kangaskhan Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Kangaskhan Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Move Tutor moves from other generations

Dream World-only moves

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Event	Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
Dream World	Counter	Fighting	Physical	—	100%	20
Dream World	Drain Punch	Fighting	Physical	75	100%	10
A superscript level indicates that Kangaskhan can learn this move normally in Generation V at that level Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Kangaskhan Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Kangaskhan Click on the generation numbers at the top to see event moves from other generations

Special moves

Shadow moves	<span style="color:#{{{2}}};">Level 35+	Purified moves
Shadow Mist	File:Box xd 115.png	Sing	Normal
Shadow Rush		Earthquake	Ground
--		Tail Whip	Normal
--		Dizzy Punch	Normal

Side game data

Pokémon Pinball     Acquisition: Catch		Pokémon Pinball RS  N/A  Not available		Pokémon Trozei!    Rarity: Rare
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team Body size: 1 Recruit rate: 7.6% Friend Area: Safari Phrases 51%-100% HP A mother protecting her child is one ferocious beast! 26%-50% HP This isn't good. I'm down to half health. 1%-25% HP I'm done... Please, take care of my baby... Level up I leveled up! And so did the baby in my pouch! Partner phrases 51%-100% HP <name>, my HP is between 51% and 100%. 26%-50% HP <name>, my HP is between 26% and 50%. 1%-25% HP <name>, my HP is between 1% and 25%. Level up I leveled up! And so did the baby in my pouch!
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time, Explorers of Darkness, and Explorers of Sky Body size: 1 Recruit rate: 6.4% IQ group: B
Pokémon Ranger Group:  Normal  Poké Assist: None Field move: (Crush ×3) Loops: 5 Min. exp.: 100 Max. exp.: 120 Browser entry   Kangaskhan emits a ray from its mouth that can obliterate anything.
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia Group:  Normal  Poké Assist: ( Normal ) Field move: (Crush ×2) Browser entry   It launches powerful beams from its mouth to attack.
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs Group: Poké Assist: Field move:  Normal  None Past ( Normal ) None Past (Electrify ×1) Browser entry   This Pokémon does not have a browser entry.
Pokémon Rumble N/A Not Available Defense Speed N/A Not Available Defense Speed			Pokémon Rumble Blast N/A Not Available Defense Speed N/A Not Available Defense Speed N/A Not Available Defense Speed N/A Not Available Defense Speed
PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure PokéPark Pad entry: This Pokémon has no PokéPark Pad entry.
PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond Strong: {{{Park2strong}}} Weak: {{{Park2weak}}} PokéPark Pad entry: This Pokémon has no PokéPark Pad entry.
Pokémon Conquest HP: Move: {{{ConquestMove}}} Attack: Ability 1: {{{ConquestAbility1}}} Defense: Ability 2: {{{ConquestAbility2}}} Speed: Ability 3: {{{ConquestAbility3}}} Does not evolve. Range: 0 Perfect Links: {{{ConquestLink}}}

Evolution

Does not evolve Kangaskhan  Normal

Sprites

Gen	Game
I	Red	Blue	Yellow		Red (Ja)	Green	Back
II	Gold	Silver	Crystal				Back
III	Ruby	Sapphire	Emerald		FireRed	LeafGreen	Back
IV	Diamond	Pearl	Platinum		HeartGold	SoulSilver	Back
V	Black	White	Black 2	White 2			Back

For other sprites and images, please see Kangaskhan images on Bulbagarden Archives.

Trivia

• Kangaskhan is one of the few Generation I Pokémon that, as of Generation V, still have no evolutionary relatives, along with Farfetch'd, Pinsir, Tauros, Lapras, Ditto, and Aerodactyl.
• The glitch Pokémon 'M evolves into Kangaskhan. This is due to Kangaskhan's position in the game's internal programming.
• Kangaskhan is the last non-legendary Pokémon in the Fiore Browser.
• Even with the advent of breeding and baby Pokémon, the baby Kangaskhan has yet to be made into a separate Pokémon, and as a result, all Kangaskhan are born with a baby already in her pouch.
  • This is similar to what happens when a Chansey/Blissey breeds (without holding a Luck Incense), as the offspring will have an egg, already in its pouch.
• Although Kangaskhan is an all female species, the baby of the Kangaskhan seen in Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Team Go Getters Out of the Gate! has a male voice.

Origin

Kangaskhan is based on a kangaroo.

Name origin

Kangaskhan's name is a combination of kangaroo and Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (possibly how her Pokédex data refers to how violently protective she is of her child). Ironically, Genghis Khan was a male, but Kangaskhan is a female-only species. Her Japanese name is derived from English words "kangaroo" (カンガルー kangarū) and "ruler" (ルーラー rūrā).

In other languages

Language Name Name Origin German Kangama Combination of kangaroo and Mama. French Kangourex From kangourou and rex. Korean 캥카 Kaengka Chinese (Mandarin) 袋龍 / 袋龙 Dàilóng Literally "Pouch dragon". Chinese (Cantonese) 袋獸 Doihsau Literally "Pouch beast".

Notes

← #114: Tangela

Pokémon

#116: Horsea →

This Pokémon article is part of Project Pokédex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokémon species, as well as Pokémon groups and forms.