Cubone (Pokémon)

← #103: Exeggutor

Pokémon

#105: Marowak →

Cubone カラカラ Karakara #104
Art by Ken Sugimori from FireRed and LeafGreen
Type Ground Unknown Unknown Unknown Blue-Striped Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown	Category Lonely Pokémon
Abilities Rock Head or Lightningrod Lightningrod Blue-Striped ----- Battle Armor Hidden Ability
Exp. at Lv. 100 1,000,000
Regional Pokédex numbers Kanto #104 Johto #208 Hoenn #272 Sinnoh — Unova Not in any regional Pokédex
Regional Browser numbers Fiore R— Almia R— Oblivia
Height 1'04" Imperial 0.4 m Metric 1'04"/0.4 m Red-Striped 0'0"/0.0 m Blue-Striped 0'0"/0.0 m
Weight 14.3 lbs. Imperial 6.5 kg Metric 14.3 lbs./6.5 kg Red-Striped 0.0 lbs./0.0 kg Blue-Striped 0.0 lbs./0.0 kg
Dex color Brown	Catch rate 190 (24.8%)
Body style Blue-Striped	Footprint      Blue-Striped
Gender ratio Gender unknown Unknown 50% male, 50% female
Breeding Monster group 21 cycles (5355 minimum steps)
EV yield HP 0 Atk 0 Def 1 Sp.Atk 0 Sp.Def 0 Speed 0 Base Exp.: 87 Battle Exp.: 871*
External links On Smogon Pokédex: Generation I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation VI Generation VII Generation VIII Generation IX Artwork on Bulbagarden Archives

Cubone (Japanese: カラカラ Karakara) is a Ground-type Pokémon.

It evolves into Marowak starting at level 28.

Biology

Cubone is a small, bipedal Pokémon with a golden brown hide that covers most of its body, including both dorsal spikes. Its belly is a very light brown. Two small claws, one on each hand, serve as its thumbs, and two large nails make up its toes. On its head, Cubone wears the skull of its dead mother as a helmet. Because of this, much of its actual face has never actually been seen, except for its triangular, black eyes and a small area surrounding them. The skull has two rounded horns on the top of its head and a tooth-like point on the lower sides. Under the skull, Cubone has a brown snout. The small Cubone survives only through the immense skill it possesses in wielding the bone it carries as a weapon. The bone allows it to learn Bone Club and Bonemerang, two moves exclusive to Cubone and its evolution Marowak.

It is called the Lonely Pokémon because of its tendency to keep to itself and avoid social situations, as it was apparently traumatized by the death of its mother. Cubone will often weep at night in mourning of its mother. When Cubone cries, the skull that it wears on its head vibrates and emits “a plaintive and mournful sound.” On the night of a full moon, the cries are said to be especially terrible. Cubone seems to recognize its mother in the moon, and so it howls with a particular sadness. It lives in rocky areas, usually on mountains or in caves. It also once inhabited the Pokémon Tower in Lavender Town where deceased Pokémon were buried and mourned.

In the anime

Cubone in the anime

Major appearances

Cubone first appeared in The School of Hard Knocks under the ownership of Giselle. She used Cubone against Ash's Pikachu, where it lost.

A Cubone was among the four Pokémon that were causing trouble for Pikachu and co. during Pikachu's Vacation.

A Cubone was helping Meowth prepare his party in Pichu Bros. in Party Panic. This Cubone played drums in Meowth's band and got easily sad and gloomy when Meowth chewed it out, but it was also easily consolable.

A Cubone appeaed in PK15. It was the leader of the haunted house where various Pokémon were living. It led them in attempts to scare visitors out of the house.

Minor appearances

A Cubone was seen in a Pokémon Center in Hypno's Naptime.

A Cubone also appeared in Pokémon Fashion Flash.

Cubone also appeared in A Chansey Operation as an injured Pokémon.

A Cubone appeared competing in a tournament in Princess vs. Princess.

A Cubone made an appearance in The Breeding Center Secret.

Multiple Cubone also appeared in The Power of One.

A Cubone belonging to the Nursing School, appeared in a flashback in Ignorance is Blissey.

A Cubone was one of the Pokémon living at Temacu's father's lab in The Heartbreak of Brock.

A Cubone was part of a Pokémon street festival in Doin' What Comes Natu-rally.

A Cubone appeared in Bulbasaur's flashback in Bulbasaur... the Ambassador!.

A Cubone was used by one of the students of the Pokémon Trainer's School in Gonna Rule The School!.

Cubone also appeared in the opening of Destiny Deoxys and Lucario and the Mystery of Mew.

A Cubone appeared in Showdown at Linoone.

A Cubone under the ownership of a Coordinator appeared in Dawn's Early Night!. It was used along with a Marowak for the Double Performance required during the Hearthome Contest.

A Cubone appeared in a flashback in Dealing With a Fierce Double Ditto Drama!.

A Cubone made a brief cameo appearance in Giratina and the Sky Warrior and Arceus and the Jewel of Life.

Pokédex entries

Episode Pokémon Source Entry PK01 Cubone Dexter A Ground-type Pokémon, Cubone. Cubone has earned its classification as the Lonely Pokémon from its usual attitude of caring only for itself.

In the manga

Cubone in Pokémon Adventures

In the Pokémon Adventures manga

Cubone makes a cameo in Onix is On!, part of the Red, Green & Blue chapter, battling against Red's Bulbasaur as a Pewter Gym Trainer's Pokémon.

Crystal owns a Cubone, who has a star-shaped crack in its skull. Cubone's main role in the team is to take out targets from afar using its bone-based attacks.

In the Pokémon Pocket Monsters manga

A Cubone is seen with Green during the baseball match that took place in Fierce Competition at the Pokémon Baseball Tournament!.

Giovanni's Cubone was used in the Gym battle against Red in Get The Last Badge!!.

Red caught a Cubone prior to PM042.

In the TCG

Main article: Cubone (TCG)

Other appearances

Super Smash Bros. Brawl

In the Pokémon Stadium 2 stage, a Cubone can be seen on the Ground Terrain standing atop the highest platform built into a rock. Dugtrio and Pokémon Fossils can also be seen on the Ground Terrain.

Trophy Information

"A Lonely Pokémon. It wears its mother's skull as a helmet--for this reason, no one has ever seen its face. It sometimes sees its departed mother's face in the full moon, which causes it to grow sad and cry. The stains on the skull are tracks of its tears. When it cries, the skull shakes and emits a mournful sound. When it levels up, it evolves into Marowak."

Merchandise

Cubone was one of the first four Pokémon designs revealed when the Pokémon 151 brand was first announced. In the shirt design, Cubone's skull is in the center of the shirt, with two Thick Clubs in crossing below it.

Game data

Pokédex entries

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation I.
Generation I Red Because it never removes its skull helmet, no one has ever seen this Pokémon's real face. Blue Yellow Wears the skull of its deceased mother. Its cries echo inside the skull and come out as a sad melody. Stadium Always wears the skull of its deceased mother on its head and never shows its face. It cries mournfully in the moonlight.
Generation II Gold If it is sad or lonely, the skull it wears shakes, and emits a plaintive and mournful sound. Silver It always wears the skull of its dead mother, so no one has any idea what its hidden face looks like. Crystal It lost its mother after its birth. It wears its mother's skull, never revealing its true face. Stadium 2 If it is sad or lonely, the skull it wears shakes, and emits a plaintive and mournful sound.
Generation III Ruby Cubone pines for the mother it will never see again. Seeing a likeness of its mother in the full moon, it cries. The stains on the skull the Pokémon wears are made by the tears it sheds. Sapphire {{{sapphiredex}}} Emerald It pines for the mother it will never see again. Seeing a likeness of its mother in the full moon, it cries. The stains on the skull it wears are from its tears. FireRed It wears the skull of its dead mother on its head. When it becomes lonesome, it is said to cry loudly. LeafGreen Because it never removes its skull helmet, no one has ever seen this Pokémon's real face.
Generation IV Diamond When it thinks of its dead mother, it cries. Its crying makes the skull it wears rattle hollowly. Pearl {{{pearldex}}} Platinum {{{platinumdex}}} HeartGold If it is sad or lonely, the skull it wears shakes, and emits a plaintive and mournful sound. SoulSilver It always wears the skull of its dead mother, so no one has any idea what its hidden face looks like.
Generation V Black When it thinks of its dead mother, it cries. Its crying makes the skull it wears rattle hollowly. White {{{whitedex}}} Black 2 When it thinks of its dead mother, it cries. Its crying makes the skull it wears rattle hollowly. White 2 {{{white2dex}}}
Generation VI X It wears the skull of its dead mother on its head. When it becomes lonesome, it is said to cry loudly. Y It always wears the skull of its dead mother, so no one has any idea what its hidden face looks like.

Game locations

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation I.
Generation I Red Blue Uncommon Pokémon Tower Blue (Japan) Unknown Pokémon Tower Yellow Uncommon Pokémon Tower and Safari Zone
Generation II Gold Silver Common Rock Tunnel Crystal Unlimited Rock Tunnel, Goldenrod Game Corner
Generation III Ruby Sapphire None Trade Emerald None Trade FireRed LeafGreen Rare Pokémon Tower and Sevault Canyon Colosseum None Trade XD None Trade
Generation IV Diamond Pearl Swarm Route 203 Platinum Swarm Route 203 HeartGold SoulSilver Common Rock Tunnel, Safari Zone (Desert area) Pal Park Mountain Pokéwalker None
Generation V Black White None Breed Marowak Black 2 White 2 None Trade Dream World Icy Cave
Generation VI X Y None Route 7

In side games

Game	Location
Pokémon Channel	Ruins of Truth
Pokémon Pinball	Lavender Town
Pokémon Trozei!	Endless Level 11 Forever Level 11 Pair Trozei Mr. Who's Den
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red/Blue Rescue Team	Starter Pokémon Southern Cavern (5F-10F)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time/Darkness	Northern Desert (1F-7F)
Pokémon Rumble	Eternal Tower
Pokémon Rumble Blast	Cave: Misty Edgewater

In events

Games	Event	Language	Location	Level	Distribution period
	Gotta Catch 'Em All Station! Fury Attack Cubone	English	United States	5	December 13 to 19, 2002

Held items

Game		Held Item(s)
Red*	Blue*	Berry (100%)
Yellow*
Gold	Silver	Thick Club (8%)
Crystal
FireRed	LeafGreen	Thick Club (5%)
Diamond	Pearl	Thick Club (5%)
Platinum
HeartGold	SoulSilver	Thick Club (5%)

Stats

Base stats

Stat		Range
		At Lv. 50	At Lv. 100
HP: 50		110 - 157	210 - 304
Attack: 50		49 - 112	94 - 218
Defense: 95		90 - 161	175 - 317
Sp. Atk: 40		40 - 101	76 - 196
Sp. Def: 50		49 - 112	94 - 218
Speed: 35		36 - 95	67 - 185
Total: 320	Other Pokémon with this total
Minimum stats are calculated with 0 EVs, IVs of 0, and (if applicable) a hindering nature. Maximum stats are calculated with 252 EVs, IVs of 31, and (if applicable) a helpful nature. This Pokémon's Special base stat in Generation I was 40.

Pokéathlon stats

Speed 4/4 ★★★★	Power 2/5 ★★☆☆☆
Skill 3/3 ★★★	Stamina 2/3 ★★☆
Jump 3/3 ★★★	Total 14/18 ★★☆

Type effectiveness

Under normal battle conditions in Generation IX, this Pokémon is:

Damaged normally by: Normal 1× Fighting 1× Flying 1× Poison ½× Ground 1× Rock ½× Bug 1× Ghost 1× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 2× Grass 2× Electric 0× Psychic 1× Ice 2× Dragon 1× Dark 1× Fairy 1× None

Weak to: Normal 1× Fighting 1× Flying 1× Poison ½× Ground 1× Rock ½× Bug 1× Ghost 1× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 2× Grass 2× Electric 0× Psychic 1× Ice 2× Dragon 1× Dark 1× Fairy 1× None

Immune to: Normal 1× Fighting 1× Flying 1× Poison ½× Ground 1× Rock ½× Bug 1× Ghost 1× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 2× Grass 2× Electric 0× Psychic 1× Ice 2× Dragon 1× Dark 1× Fairy 1× None

Resistant to: Normal 1× Fighting 1× Flying 1× Poison ½× Ground 1× Rock ½× Bug 1× Ghost 1× Steel 1× Fire 1× Water 2× Grass 2× Electric 0× Psychic 1× Ice 2× Dragon 1× Dark 1× Fairy 1× None

Notes: If this Pokémon is given a Ring Target and its Ability is not Lightning Rod, the effectiveness of  Electric-type  moves is 1×.

Learnset

By leveling up

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX

Level   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP  00Start Growl Normal Status 0000— 100100% 40 033 Tail Whip Normal Status 0000— 100100% 30 077 Bone Club Ground Physical 06565 08585% 20 1111 Headbutt Normal Physical 07070 100100% 15 1313 Leer Normal Status 0000— 100100% 30 1717 Focus Energy Normal Status 0000— ——% 30 2121 Bonemerang Ground Physical 05050 09090% 10 2323 Rage Normal Physical 02020 100100% 20 2727 False Swipe Normal Physical 04040 100100% 40 3131 Thrash Normal Physical 120120 100100% 10 3333 Fling Dark Physical 0000— 100100% 10 3737 Bone Rush Ground Physical 02525 09090% 10 4141 Endeavor Normal Physical 0000— 100100% 5 4343 Double-Edge Normal Physical 120120 100100% 15 4747 Retaliate Normal Physical 07070 100100% 5

Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Cubone Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Cubone Click on the generation numbers at the top to see level-up moves from other generations

By TM/HM

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
TM		Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
	TM06	Toxic	Poison	Status	0000—	090}}90%	10
	TM10	Hidden Power	Normal	Special	0000—	100}}100%	15
	TM11	Sunny Day	Fire	Status	0000—	—}}—%	5
	TM13	Ice Beam	Ice	Special	09595	100}}100%	10
	TM14	Blizzard	Ice	Special	120120	070}}70%	5
	TM17	Protect	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM21	Frustration	Normal	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	20
	TM23	Smack Down	Rock	Physical	05050	100}}100%	15
	TM26	Earthquake	Ground	Physical	100100	100}}100%	10
	TM27	Return	Normal	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	20
	TM28	Dig	Ground	Physical	08080	100}}100%	10
	TM31	Brick Break	Fighting	Physical	07575	100}}100%	15
	TM32	Double Team	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	15
	TM35	Flamethrower	Fire	Special	09595	100}}100%	15
	TM37	Sandstorm	Rock	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM38	Fire Blast	Fire	Special	120120	085}}85%	5
	TM39	Rock Tomb	Rock	Physical	05050	080}}80%	10
	TM40	Aerial Ace	Flying	Physical	06060	—}}—%	20
	TM42	Facade	Normal	Physical	07070	100}}100%	20
	TM44	Rest	Psychic	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM45	Attract	Normal	Status	0000—	100}}100%	15
	TM46	Thief	Dark	Physical	04040	100}}100%	10
	TM48	Round	Normal	Special	06060	100}}100%	15
	TM49	Echoed Voice	Normal	Special	04040	100}}100%	15
	TM54	False Swipe	Normal	Physical	04040	100}}100%	40
	TM56	Fling	Dark	Physical	0000—	100}}100%	10
	TM59	Incinerate	Fire	Special	03030	100}}100%	15
	TM67	Retaliate	Normal	Physical	07070	100}}100%	5
	TM75	Swords Dance	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	30
	TM78	Bulldoze	Ground	Physical	06060	100}}100%	20
	TM80	Rock Slide	Rock	Physical	07575	090}}90%	10
	TM87	Swagger	Normal	Status	0000—	090}}90%	15
	TM90	Substitute	Normal	Status	0000—	—}}—%	10
	TM94	Rock Smash	Fighting	Physical	04040	100}}100%	15
	HM04	Strength	Normal	Physical	08080	100}}100%	15
Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Cubone Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Cubone Click on the generation numbers at the top to see TM moves from other generations

By breeding

Generation V Other generations: II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Father	Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
	AncientPower	Rock	Special	60	100%	5
	Belly Drum	Normal	Status	—	—%	10
	Chip Away	Normal	Physical	70	100%	20
	Detect	Fighting	Status	—	—%	5
	Double Kick	Fighting	Physical	30	100%	30
	Endure	Normal	Status	—	—%	10
	Iron Head	Steel	Physical	80	100%	15
	Perish Song	Normal	Status	—	—%	5
	Screech	Normal	Status	—	85%	40
	Skull Bash	Normal	Physical	100	100%	15
Moves marked with an asterisk (*) must be chain bred onto Cubone in Generation V Moves marked with a double dagger (‡) can only be bred from a Pokémon who learned the move in an earlier generation. Moves marked with a superscript game abbreviation can only be bred onto Cubone in that game. Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Cubone Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Cubone Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Egg moves from other generations

By tutoring

Generation V Other generations: II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Game				Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
B	W	B2	W2	Earth Power	Ground	Special	90	100%	10
B	W	B2	W2	Endeavor	Normal	Physical	—	100%	5
B	W	B2	W2	Fire Punch	Fire	Physical	75	100%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Icy Wind	Ice	Special	55	95%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Iron Defense	Steel	Status	—	—%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Iron Head	Steel	Physical	80	100%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Iron Tail	Steel	Physical	100	75%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Knock Off	Dark	Physical	20	100%	20
B	W	B2	W2	Low Kick	Fighting	Physical	—	100%	20
B	W	B2	W2	Sleep Talk	Normal	Status	—	—%	10
B	W	B2	W2	Snore	Normal	Special	40	100%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Stealth Rock	Rock	Status	—	—%	20
B	W	B2	W2	ThunderPunch	Electric	Physical	75	100%	15
B	W	B2	W2	Uproar	Normal	Special	90	100%	10
A black abbreviation in a colored box indicates that Cubone can be tutored the move in that game A colored abbreviation in a white box indicates that Cubone cannot be tutored the move in that game Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Cubone Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Cubone Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Move Tutor moves from other generations

Dream World moves

Generation V Other generations: I - II - III - IV - VI - VII - VIII - IX
Event	Move	Type	Cat.	Pwr.	Acc.	PP
Icy Cave	Perish Song	Normal	Status	—	—%	5
Icy Cave	Low Kick	Fighting	Physical	—	100%	20
A superscript level indicates that Cubone can learn this move normally in Generation V at that level Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Cubone Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Cubone Click on the generation numbers at the top to see event moves from other generations

Side game data

Pokémon Pinball     Acquisition: Catch		Pokémon Pinball RS  N/A  Not available		Pokémon Trozei!    Rarity: Common
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Red Rescue Team and Blue Rescue Team Body size: 1 Recruit rate: 10.5% Friend Area: Mt. Deepgreen Phrases 51%-100% HP I feel lonesome, but I'll work hard for my mother's sake! 26%-50% HP I only have half my HP left... 1%-25% HP It's no good. I have no energy left... Level up Yay! I leveled up! I don't feel as lonesome! Partner phrases 51%-100% HP <name>, my HP is between 51% and 100%. 26%-50% HP <name>, my HP is between 26% and 50%. 1%-25% HP <name>, my HP is between 1% and 25%. Level up Yay! I leveled up! I don't feel as lonesome!
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Time, Explorers of Darkness, and Explorers of Sky Body size: 1 Recruit rate: 8.2% IQ group: F
Pokémon Ranger Group:  Normal  Poké Assist: None Field move: None Loops: 0 Min. exp.: 0 Max. exp.: 0 Browser entry   This Pokémon does not have a browser entry.
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia Group:  Normal  Poké Assist: None Field move: None Browser entry   This Pokémon does not have a browser entry.
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs Group: Poké Assist: Field move:  Normal  None Past ( Normal ) None Past (Electrify ×1) Browser entry   This Pokémon does not have a browser entry.
Pokémon Rumble Attack ● Defense ●●● Speed ●●● Attack Not Available Defense Speed			Pokémon Rumble Blast Attack ● Defense ●●● Speed ●●● Attack Not Available Defense Speed Attack Not Available Defense Speed Attack Not Available Defense Speed
PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure PokéPark Pad entry: This Pokémon has no PokéPark Pad entry.
PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond Strong: {{{Park2strong}}} Weak: {{{Park2weak}}} PokéPark Pad entry: This Pokémon has no PokéPark Pad entry.
Pokémon Conquest HP: Move: {{{ConquestMove}}} Attack: Ability 1: {{{ConquestAbility1}}} Defense: Ability 2: {{{ConquestAbility2}}} Speed: Ability 3: {{{ConquestAbility3}}} Does not evolve. Range: 0 Perfect Links: {{{ConquestLink}}}

Evolution

Unevolved Cubone  Ground

Level 28 →

First Evolution Marowak  Ground

Sprites

Gen	Game
I	Red	Blue	Yellow		Red (Ja)	Green	Back
II	Gold	Silver	Crystal				Back
III	Ruby	Sapphire	Emerald		FireRed	LeafGreen	Back
IV	Diamond	Pearl	Platinum		HeartGold	SoulSilver	Back
V	Black	White	Black 2	White 2			Back

For other sprites and images, please see Cubone images on Bulbagarden Archives.

Trivia

• In the Pokémon Red and Blue beta, Cubone was originally known as "Orphon," a corruption of the word "orphan," based on its abandonment at birth.
• Cubone is Midori Harada's favorite Pokémon.
• Despite the Pokédex's statement that it wears the skull of its dead mother, Cubone can be bred in the games with no ill effects on its mother. This is due to Cubone being created before breeding in the games was possible.
• Cubone is one of the Pokémon that appears in the Pokémon 151 clothing line.

Origin

Cubone is possibly based on a dinosaur or a dinosaur fossil, and, like dinosaurs, nobody has ever seen a Cubone's real face; only its mother's skull. It also could be based on primitive cultures that wore bones for decoration and used them for weapons.

Name origin

Cubone may be a combination of cute and bone, cub and bone, or cue ball (a reference to its pale white head or that its bone resembles a billiards or snooker cue) and bone. It could also be a combination of the Latin word cubo (recluse) and bone; this can refer to its lonely nature.

Karakara may be taken to mean からから (clattering). It is worth noting that karakara denotes lighter clattering than がらがら garagara.

In other languages

Language Title Meaning Japanese カラカラ Karakara Onomatopoeia meaning "a light clattering" French Osselait A combination of osselet and lait, referring to the young age and need for a mother Spanish Cubone Same as English name German Tragosso From tragen, tragisch, and osso Italian Cubone Same as English name Korean 탕구리 Tangguri Mandarin Chinese 可拉可拉 Kělākělā Transliteration of Japanese name Cantonese Chinese 卡拉卡拉 Kālāaikālāai Transliteration of Japanese name

More languages

External links

• Article on Wikipedia

Notes

← #103: Exeggutor

Pokémon

#105: Marowak →

This Pokémon article is part of Project Pokédex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokémon species, as well as Pokémon groups and forms.