Palpitoad (Pokémon)

From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
(Redirected from Palpitoad (Pokemon))
Jump to navigationJump to search
For Pokémon GO information on this species, see the game's section.
0535MS.png #0535: Tympole
Pokémon
#0537: Seismitoad 0537MS.png
This article is about the species. For a specific instance of this species, see Palpitoad (disambiguation).
Palpitoad
Vibration Pokémon
ガマガル
Gamagaru
#0536
Palpitoad



Images on the Bulbagarden Archives
Type
Water Ground
Unknown Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Unknown Unknown
Abilities
Swift Swim or Hydration Cacophony
Cacophony
Water Absorb
Hidden Ability
Cacophony
Hidden Ability
Cacophony
Cacophony
Gender ratio
Unknown
50% male, 50% female
Catch rate
120 (24.9%)
Breeding
Egg Group
Water 1
Hatch time
20 cycles
Height
2'07" 0.8 m
Palpitoad
0'0" 0 m
{{{form2}}}
0'0" 0 m
{{{form3}}}
0'0" 0 m
{{{form4}}}
Weight
37.5 lbs. 17.0 kg
Palpitoad
0 lbs. 0 kg
{{{form2}}}
0 lbs. 0 kg
{{{form3}}}
0 lbs. 0 kg
{{{form4}}}
Mega Stone
[[|]] [[|]]
Base experience yield
Unknown
Gen. IV
Unknown
IV
134
Leveling rate
Medium Slow
EV yield
Total: 2
Palpitoad
2
HP
0
Atk
0
Def
0
Sp.Atk
0
Sp.Def
0
Speed
0
HP
0
Atk
0
Def
0
Sp.Atk
0
Sp.Def
0
Speed
0
HP
0
Atk
0
Def
0
Sp.Atk
0
Sp.Def
0
Speed
0
HP
0
Atk
0
Def
0
Sp.Atk
0
Sp.Def
0
Speed
Shape
Body06.png
Footprint
F0536.png F000.png
{{{form2}}}
Pokédex color
Blue
Base friendship
70
External Links

Palpitoad (Japanese: ガマガル Gamagaru) is a dual-type Water/Ground Pokémon introduced in Generation V.

It evolves from Tympole starting at level 25 and evolves into Seismitoad starting at level 36.

Biology

Palpitoad sticking out its long tongue

Palpitoad is an amphibious, bipedal Pokémon with an ovoid body. It is mostly blue, with a tan oval marking lined with black stretching from the bottom of its belly to its forehead. Its black eyes are round. Its upper lip is round as well and curves down sharply at the corners. Inside its mouth is a long, sticky tongue used to immobilize and capture prey. Its feet are small with three toes each, and its tail is oval and white. Three large half-spheres encircle its head, each one light blue with a black base. There are four round, light blue bumps starting on either side of its lower body and stretching across its back. The bumps on its head can be vibrated to create waves and earthquakes, as well as intense sounds to weaken its prey. The larger a Palpitoad's lumps are, the wider the range of sounds it can make.

Evolution

Palpitoad evolves from Tympole and evolves into Seismitoad.

(For specifics on this Pokémon's Evolution in the games, refer to Game data→Evolution data.)

0535Tympole.png
Unevolved
Tympole
 Water 

0536Palpitoad.png
First Evolution
Palpitoad
 Water  Ground 

0537Seismitoad.png
Second Evolution
Seismitoad
 Water  Ground 

Game data

Pokédex entries

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation V.
Generation V Unova
 B  W : #042
Unova
 B2  W2 : #229
Black When they vibrate the bumps on their heads, they can make waves in water or earthquake-like vibrations on land.
White It lives in the water and on land. It uses its long, sticky tongue to capture prey.
Black 2 It lives in the water and on land. It uses its long, sticky tongue to immobilize its opponents.
White 2
Generation VI Kalos
#—
Hoenn
#—
X When they vibrate the bumps on their heads, they can make waves in water or earthquake-like vibrations on land.
Y It lives in the water and on land. It uses its long, sticky tongue to immobilize its opponents.
Omega Ruby When they vibrate the bumps on their heads, they can make waves in water or earthquake-like vibrations on land.
Alpha Sapphire It lives in the water and on land. It uses its long, sticky tongue to immobilize its opponents.
Generation VII Alola
#—
Kanto
#—
This Pokémon has no Pokédex entries in Generation VII.
Generation VIII Galar
#133
Sinnoh
#—
Hisui
#—
This Pokémon has no Pokédex entries in Brilliant Diamond, Shining Pearl, and Legends: Arceus.
Sword It weakens its prey with sound waves intense enough to cause headaches, then entangles them with its sticky tongue.
Shield On occasion, their cries are sublimely pleasing to the ear. Palpitoad with larger lumps on their bodies can sing with a wider range of sounds.
Generation IX Paldea
#—
Kitakami
#—
Blueberry
#—
This Pokémon has no Pokédex entries in Generation IX.


Game locations

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation V.
Generation V
Black White
Route 8, Icirrus City, Moor of IcirrusSpringSummerAutumn
Black 2 White 2
Pinwheel Forest (outer)
Route 8, Icirrus City, Moor of IcirrusSpringSummerAutumn
Generation VI
X Y
Friend Safari (Ground)
Omega Ruby Alpha Sapphire
Evolve Tympole
Generation VII
Sun Moon
Pokémon Bank
Ultra Sun Ultra Moon
Pokémon Bank
Let's Go Pikachu Let's Go Eevee
Unobtainable
Generation VIII
Sword Shield
North Lake Miloch, Giant's Seat, Giant's Mirror, Giant's Cap, Bridge Field, Dusty Bowl, Hammerlocke Hills
Rolling Fields, West Lake Axewell, South Lake Miloch, North Lake Miloch, Dusty Bowl (Max Raid Battle)
Expansion Pass
Max Lair (Dynamax Adventure)
Brilliant Diamond Shining Pearl
Unobtainable
Legends: Arceus
Unobtainable
Generation IX
Scarlet Violet
Unobtainable


In side games

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation V.
Generation V
Rumble Blast
Lake: Sun-Dappled Bank, Shimmering Lake, World Axle - B2F
MD GTI
Glacier Palace (1F-13F), Kilionea Road (B1-B10), Silent Tundra (Uncharted Road, Gilded Hall), Dreamy Island (Uncharted Road, Gilded Hall), Moonlit Forest (Gilded Hall)
Rumble U
Toy Collection: The Sword for Justice
Generation VI
Battle Trozei
Safari Jungle: Stage 2We
Rumble World
Gold Plateau: Purifying Pond (All Areas), Black Realm: Soothing Shore (All Areas)
Generation VII
Rumble Rush
Zapdos Sea, Castform Sea, Mewtwo SeaFinal
Generation VIII
This Pokémon is unavailable in Generation VIII side games.
Cross-Generation
Shuffle
Roseus Center: Stage 283
Marron Trail: Stage 652
Masters EX
Sync pair scout: Clay & Palpitoad


Held items

Games Held items
Black White
Black 2 White 2

Stats

Base stats

Stat Range
At Lv. 50 At Lv. 100
75
135 - 182 260 - 354
65
63 - 128 121 - 251
55
54 - 117 103 - 229
65
63 - 128 121 - 251
55
54 - 117 103 - 229
69
66 - 133 128 - 260
Total:
384
Other Pokémon with this total
  • Minimum stats are calculated with 0 EVs, IVs of 0, and (if applicable) a hindering nature.
  • Maximum stats are calculated with 252 EVs, IVs of 31, and (if applicable) a helpful nature.

Type effectiveness

Under normal battle conditions in Generation IX, this Pokémon is:
Damaged
normally by:
Normal
Fighting
Flying
Poison ½×
Ground
Rock ½×
Bug
Ghost
Steel ½×
Fire ½×
Water
Grass
Electric
Psychic
Ice
Dragon
Dark
Fairy
None
Weak to:
Normal
Fighting
Flying
Poison ½×
Ground
Rock ½×
Bug
Ghost
Steel ½×
Fire ½×
Water
Grass
Electric
Psychic
Ice
Dragon
Dark
Fairy
None
Immune to:
Normal
Fighting
Flying
Poison ½×
Ground
Rock ½×
Bug
Ghost
Steel ½×
Fire ½×
Water
Grass
Electric
Psychic
Ice
Dragon
Dark
Fairy
None
Resistant to:
Normal
Fighting
Flying
Poison ½×
Ground
Rock ½×
Bug
Ghost
Steel ½×
Fire ½×
Water
Grass
Electric
Psychic
Ice
Dragon
Dark
Fairy
None
Notes:

Learnset

Palpitoad is available in Sword and Shield.

By leveling up

Generation VIII
Other generations:
V - VI - VII - IX
 Level   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP
011 Echoed Voice Normal Special 04040 100100% 15
011 Growl Normal Status 0000 100100% 40
011 Acid Poison Special 04040 100100% 30
011 Supersonic Normal Status 0000 05555% 20
1212 Mud Shot Ground Special 05555 09595% 15
1616 Round Normal Special 06060 100100% 15
2020 Bubble Beam Water Special 06565 100100% 20
2424 Flail Normal Physical 0000 100100% 15
3030 Uproar Normal Special 09090 100100% 10
3737 Aqua Ring Water Status 0000 00——% 20
4242 Hyper Voice Normal Special 09090 100100% 10
4848 Muddy Water Water Special 09090 08585% 10
5454 Rain Dance Water Status 0000 00——% 5
6060 Hydro Pump Water Special 110110 08080% 5
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see level-up moves from other generations

By TM/TR

Generation VIII
Other generations:
V - VI - VII - IX
   TM   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP 
TM16
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM16 Screech Normal Status 0000 085}}85% 40
TM21
Bag TM Psychic SwSh Sprite.png
TM21 Rest Psychic Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TM24
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM24 Snore Normal Special 05050 100}}100% 15
TM25
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM25 Protect Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TM27
Bag TM Ice SwSh Sprite.png
TM27 Icy Wind Ice Special 05555 095}}95% 15
TM31
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM31 Attract Normal Status 0000 100}}100% 15
TM33
Bag TM Water SwSh Sprite.png
TM33 Rain Dance Water Status 0000 00—}}—% 5
TM35
Bag TM Ice SwSh Sprite.png
TM35 Hail Ice Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TM39
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM39 Facade Normal Physical 07070 100}}100% 20
TM46
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM46 Weather Ball Normal Special 05050 100}}100% 10
TM52
Bag TM Flying SwSh Sprite.png
TM52 Bounce Flying Physical 08585 085}}85% 5
TM53
Bag TM Ground SwSh Sprite.png
TM53 Mud Shot Ground Special 05555 095}}95% 15
TM76
Bag TM Normal SwSh Sprite.png
TM76 Round Normal Special 06060 100}}100% 15
TM81
Bag TM Ground SwSh Sprite.png
TM81 Bulldoze Ground Physical 06060 100}}100% 20
TR03
Bag TR Water Sprite.png
TR03 Hydro Pump Water Special 110110 080}}80% 5
TR04
Bag TR Water Sprite.png
TR04 Surf Water Special 09090 100}}100% 15
TR20
Bag TR Normal Sprite.png
TR20 Substitute Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TR22
Bag TR Poison Sprite.png
TR22 Sludge Bomb Poison Special 09090 100}}100% 10
TR26
Bag TR Normal Sprite.png
TR26 Endure Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TR27
Bag TR Normal Sprite.png
TR27 Sleep Talk Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 10
TR35
Bag TR Normal Sprite.png
TR35 Uproar Normal Special 09090 100}}100% 10
TR42
Bag TR Normal Sprite.png
TR42 Hyper Voice Normal Special 09090 100}}100% 10
TR45
Bag TR Water Sprite.png
TR45 Muddy Water Water Special 09090 085}}85% 10
TR67
Bag TR Ground Sprite.png
TR67 Earth Power Ground Special 09090 100}}100% 10
TR72
Bag TR Grass Sprite.png
TR72 Power Whip Grass Physical 120120 085}}85% 10
TR76
Bag TR Rock Sprite.png
TR76 Stealth Rock Rock Status 0000 00—}}—% 20
TR78
Bag TR Poison Sprite.png
TR78 Sludge Wave Poison Special 09595 100}}100% 10
TR84
Bag TR Water Sprite.png
TR84 Scald Water Special 08080 100}}100% 15
TR91
Bag TR Poison Sprite.png
TR91 Venom Drench Poison Status 0000 100}}100% 20
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see TM moves from other generations

By breeding

Generation VIII
Other generations:
V - VI - VII - IX
 Parent   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP 
Lapras
Wooper
Quagsire
Lotad
Lombre
Ludicolo
Wingull
Pelipper
Eiscue
Mist Ice Status —% 30
Shellos
Gastrodon
Stunfisk
Stunfisk
Mud-Slap Ground Special 20 100% 10
Wooper
Quagsire
Skrelp
Dragalge
Mareanie
Toxapex
Pyukumuku
Toxic Poison Status 90% 10
Squirtle
Wartortle
Blastoise
Psyduck
Golduck
Slowpoke
Slowpoke
Slowbro
Slowbro
Slowking
Slowking
Lapras
Remoraid
Octillery
Mantine
Mudkip
Marshtomp
Swampert
Wingull
Pelipper
Milotic
Shellos
Gastrodon
Skrelp
Dragalge
Clauncher
Clawitzer
Sobble
Drizzile
Inteleon
Water Pulse Water Special 60 100% 20
  • Moves marked with an asterisk (*) must be chain bred onto Palpitoad in Generation VIII
  • Moves marked with a double dagger (‡) can only be bred from a Pokémon who learned the move in an earlier generation.
  • Moves marked with a superscript game abbreviation can only be bred onto Palpitoad in that game.
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Egg moves from other generations

By tutoring

Generation VIII
Other generations:
V - VI - VII - IX
 Game   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP 
This Pokémon learns no moves by tutoring.
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see Move Tutor moves from other generations

By a prior Evolution

Generation VIII
Other generations:
V - VI - VII - IX
 Stage   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP 
This Pokémon has no moves exclusive to prior Evolutions.
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see moves from other generations

By transfer from another generation

Generation VIII
Other generations:
VI - VII - IX
 Gen.   Move   Type   Cat.   Pwr.   Acc.   PP 
V VI VII After You Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 15
V VI VII Bubble × Water Special 04040 100}}100% 30
V VI VII Confide Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 20
V VI VII Double Team Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 15
V VI VII Endeavor Normal Physical 0000 100}}100% 5
V VI VII Focus Punch Fighting Physical 150150 100}}100% 20
V VI VII Frustration × Normal Physical 0000 100}}100% 20
V VI VII Gastro Acid Poison Status 0000 100}}100% 10
V VI VII Hidden Power × Normal Special 06060 100}}100% 15
V VI VII Infestation Bug Special 02020 100}}100% 20
V VI VII Mud Bomb × Ground Special 06565 085}}85% 10
V VI VII Mud Sport × Ground Status 0000 00—}}—% 15
V VI VII Refresh × Normal Status 0000 00—}}—% 20
V VI VII Return × Normal Physical 0000 100}}100% 20
V VI VII Rock Smash Fighting Physical 04040 100}}100% 15
V VI VII Secret Power × Normal Physical 07070 100}}100% 20
V VI VII Swagger Normal Status 0000 085}}85% 15
  • Transferred Pokémon only retain these moves in Pokémon Sword and Shield
  • A striped background indicates a generation in which the move can only be obtained via event or as a special move
  • Bold indicates a move that gets STAB when used by Palpitoad
  • Italic indicates a move that gets STAB only when used by an Evolution of Palpitoad
  • × indicates a move that cannot be used in Sword and Shield
  • Click on the generation numbers at the top to see transfer-only moves for other generations

Side game data

Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon
MDP 3DS 536.png

Body size: Standard (1 tile)
How to Recruit: Talk to in Baram Town
Connected to: Stantler, Electrike, Stunky
Connection Orb Set: 5

Phrases
Normal Palpitoad palpated Palpitoad! Palpitoad palpated palpable Palpitoad!
Low HP (< 50%) Palpebral palpation... by palpitant Palpitoad...
Pokémon Rumble Blast
Attack ●●
Defense ●●
Speed ●●●
Pokémon Rumble Rush
Rush536Body.png Walking Speed: 1.67 seconds Base HP: 54
Base Attack: 73 Base Defense: 49 Base Speed: 60
Pokémon Battle Trozei
Water
Attack Power: ★★★★★

BT536.png

Pokémon Shuffle
None Shuffle.png
Water
None Shuffle.png Attack Power: 50 - 100 Raise Max Level.png 5

#404
Shuffle536.png

Damage Streak
Increases damage when it is triggered in a row.


Pokémon GO
GO536.png Base HP: 181 Base Attack: 128 Base Defense: 109
Egg Distance: N/A Buddy Distance: 3 km Evolution Requirement: Tympole Candy 100
Fast Attacks: Mud Shot, Bubble
Charged Attacks: Water Pulse, Earth Power, Sludge Wave

Evolution data

0535Tympole.png
Unevolved
Tympole
 Water 
Rare Candy
Level 25
0536Palpitoad.png
First Evolution
Palpitoad
 Water  Ground 
Rare Candy
Level 36
0537Seismitoad.png
Second Evolution
Seismitoad
 Water  Ground 


Sprites

This Pokémon was unavailable prior to Generation V.
Generation V
Black White Black 2 White 2
Spr 5b 536.png Spr b 5b 536.png Spr 5b2 536.png Spr b 5b2 536.png
Spr 5b 536 s.png Spr b 5b 536 s.png Spr 5b2 536 s.png Spr b 5b2 536 s.png
Front Back Front Back
Generation VI
X Y Omega Ruby Alpha Sapphire
Spr 6x 536.png
Spr b 6x 536.png
Spr 6o 536.png
Spr b 6o 536.png
Spr 6x 536 s.png
Spr b 6x 536 s.png
Spr 6o 536 s.png
Spr b 6o 536 s.png
Front Back Front Back
Generation VII
Sun Moon Ultra Sun Ultra Moon
Spr 7s 536.png
Spr b 7s 536.png
Spr 7s 536.png
Spr b 7s 536.png
Spr 7s 536 s.png
Spr b 7s 536 s.png
Spr 7s 536 s.png
Spr b 7s 536 s.png
Front Back Front Back
Generation VIII
Sword Shield
Spr 8s 536.png
Spr 8s 536 s.png
This Pokémon is unavailable in Generation IX.
Cross-Generation
HOME
HOME0536.png HOME0536 s.png
536MS.png For other sprites and images, please see Palpitoad images on the Bulbagarden Archives.


In the anime

Palpitoad in the anime

Major appearances

Ash's Palpitoad

In Facing Fear with Eyes Wide Open!, a male Palpitoad commanded a group of Tympole to attack Ash's Oshawott, who was trying to retrieve Remeyo weed to heal his poisoned friends. After they failed scaring Oshawott away, he fought Oshawott alongside a Stunfisk, only for both to be caught by Ash and Cilan, respectively.

Other

In Battling the King of the Mines!, Clay's male Palpitoad defeated Ash's Oshawott in a Gym battle, but was defeated by Snivy after she used Attract to infatuate him, and Leaf Storm to knock him out.

In The One That Didn't Get Away!, Hunter D's crew members own two Palpitoad. They battled Ash and his Pokémon to prevent him from helping Lana cure a Kyogre of its poison, but were soon defeated.

Minor appearances

Palpitoad debuted in Ash and Trip's Third Battle!. Trip attempted to catch the Vibration Pokémon using his Vanillite, but it managed to escape due to Ash's clumsiness.

Multiple Palpitoad appeared in White—Victini and Zekrom and Black—Victini and Reshiram.

In Kyurem VS. The Sword of Justice, the Swords of Justice legend featured multiple Palpitoad.

In A Surface to Air Tag Battle Team!, Cilan thought a Palpitoad could have been a good Pokémon for Soren and Rocko.

A Trainer's Palpitoad appeared in HZ050.

Pokédex entries

Episode Pokémon Source Entry
BW031 Palpitoad Ash's Pokédex Palpitoad, the Vibration Pokémon. Palpitoad can live both underwater and on dry land. It captures prey by using its long sticky tongue.
BW032 Palpitoad Ash's Pokédex Palpitoad, the Vibration Pokémon. Palpitoad's long, sticky tongue is used to capture prey. It lives both on land and in the water.

In the manga

Palpitoad in Pokémon Adventures

Be the Best! Pokémon B+W

A Palpitoad appeared in Challenge the Battle Subway!.

Pokémon Adventures

A Trainer's Palpitoad appeared in a flashback in A Nickname for Tepig.

Clay has a Palpitoad, which was first seen guarding the Dark Stone along with Clay's other Pokémon in Defeating Stoutland.

A Palpitoad appeared in a flashback in Cold Storage Battle.

A Palpitoad appeared in The Final Battle: Crushed Ambition.

A Dynamax Palpitoad appeared in Rumble!! The Horrific Darkest Day.

In the TCG

Main article: Palpitoad (TCG)

Trivia

  • Palpitoad and its evolved form share their category with Vibrava. They are all known as the Vibration Pokémon.

Origin

Palpitoad appears to be based on a toad tadpole. Its lumps may be inspired by toads' "warts" (known as parotoid glands), combined with loudspeaker drivers. This connection may stem from the croaking behavior seen with male frogs, which do so to attract mates. It may also be inspired by the common Surinam toad, an aquatic amphibian whose back is covered in pockets that hold its eggs. Its Pokédex entry mentions the fact that it creates vibrations underwater, much like how the common Surinam toad is able to sense vibrations underwater.

Palpitoad and Tympole's designs were worked backwards from Seismitoad's design.[1]

Name origin

Palpitoad may be a combination of palpitation (pulsation) and toad.

Gamagaru may be derived from 蝦蟇 gamagaeru (Japanese common toad).

In other languages

Language Title Meaning
Japan Flag.png Japanese ガマガル Gamagaru From 蝦蟇 gamagaeru
France Flag.png French Batracné From batracien and acné
Spain Flag.png Spanish Palpitoad Same as English name
Germany Flag.png German Mebrana From Membran and Rana
Italy Flag.png Italian Palpitoad Same as English name
South Korea Flag.png Korean 두까비 Dukkabi From 두꺼비 dukkeobi
China and Taiwan Flags.png Mandarin Chinese 藍蟾蜍 / 蓝蟾蜍 Lánchánchú From 藍 / 蓝 lán and 蟾蜍 chánchú
Hong Kong Flag.png Cantonese Chinese 藍蟾蜍 Làahmsìhmsyùh From làahm and 蟾蜍 sìhmsyùh


Related articles

References

  1. Nintendo Dream Vol. 204, April 2011 (Shellspider's blog (Japanese), Translation by Dr. Lava)

External links

0535MS.png #0535: Tympole
Pokémon
#0537: Seismitoad 0537MS.png
Project Pokédex logo.png This Pokémon article is part of Project Pokédex, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokémon species, as well as Pokémon groups and forms.